Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is an international journal published every four months in December, April and August. It publishes original and previously unpublished Scientific Articles, Scientific Notes and Review Articles, from researchers of any national or international educational institution or research center, in an electronic and printed open access format. The journal’s aim is to create a space for discussion and dissemination of results and advances of original and unpublishe
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Characterization of organic waste from the municipal composting center of Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
The city of Xalapa, in Veracruz, Mexico, established a composting center (CC) in 2018 for the treatment of organic matter from municipal solid waste (MSW). The organic waste comes mainly from the wholesale market, local markets, parks, and gardens. However, baseline data on the characterization and composition of this waste remain limited. The main objective of this study was to determine the amount, volumetric weight, and composition of this organic waste, as well as to measure some physicochemical parameters of its leachates. The research was conducted following standardized methods. The amount of waste received by the CC was 26 ± 8.6 tons per day, with a volumetric weight of 676 ± 62.2 kg m-3. In terms of composition, 95% of the waste consisted of food waste, mainly fruits and vegetables, 2% was hard plant fibers, and the remaining 3% included cardboard, plastic, and metal. The leachates had a pH of 4.2 ± 0.23, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 75 081 ± 325 mg L-1, ammonia of 1 620 ± 183 mg L-1, and total solids of 49 766 mg L-1. These results provide critical baseline data to inform the design of improved strategies for MSW management in Xalapa.
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Report of Meloidogyne incognita affecting fig trees (Ficus carica L)
In January 2023, wilting symptoms were observed on fig trees (Ficus carica) in a commercial orchard in Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico, including chlorosis, low growth and root galls. The objective was to identify the nematodes associated with these symptoms. Soil and root samples were collected, in which Meloidogyne incognita was identified in 55.5% of the analized roots, by the perineal pattern of females which is the first record of this species in fig trees in Coahuila and Mexico. Nematodes of the genera Rhabditis, Aphelenchoides, Dorylaimus, Tylenchus, Psylenchus and Helicotylenchus were also found. This result shows the need for phytosanitary monitoring in fig crops and provides relevant information for their integrated management.
Chemical composition and in vitro biogas production in Urochloa hibrids during rains
The objective was to determine the dry matter (DM) yield ha-1, chemical composition, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production in two Urochloa cultivars, Cayman (BR/1752) and Cobra (BR/1794), during the rainy season. Crude protein (CP), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined. Additionally, IVDMD, pH, CH4 and CO2 production, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were evaluated at 72 h. A completely randomized design was used with two cultivars and four treatments, corresponding to harvest days at 28, 35, 42, and 49 days. Means were analyzed using Tukey's test (P < 0.05). Crude protein was higher (P < 0.05) at 28 and 35 days of harvest. ADF content in Cobra differed (P < 0.05) across harvest ages, while in Cayman it was lower (P < 0.05) at 28 days. IVDMD in Cobra was higher (P < 0.05) at 28 and 35 days. pH was similar in both cultivars. Total VFA concentration differed (P < 0.05) between cultivars across harvest days; acetate concentration differed (P < 0.05) in Cobra across harvest ages; propionate showed differences (P < 0.05) in both cultivars, being highest at 49 days. The lowest CH4 and CO2 production (P < 0.05) was recorded at 28 days in both cultivars. It is concluded that the optimal harvest age for the evaluated cultivars is 28 and 35 days, due to higher protein content and lower methane production.
Litterfall seasonal dynamics and nutrient release in fodder bank systems
The aim of this study was to compare seasonal variation in litterfall and nutrient release from Tithonia diversifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, and Moringa oleifera in fodder banks systems. PVC traps were used to quantify litterfall and carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) return of the three species, during the summer-rainy, winter-rainy, and dry seasons, in a completely randomised design. Tithonia diversifolia showed the highest leaf, branch, and total litterfall (0.66, 0.22, and 0.87 t DM ha-1), along with the highest potential C, N, and P return during the rainy season (332.1, 14.5, 3.1 kg ha-1). Leaves accounted for 65.3 to 79.2% of total litterfall. Tithonia diversifolia fodder banks offer a viable alternative for combining soil conservation and sustainable production.
Digital image analysis and composition of the 9-11th rib section from Black Belly sheep carcasses
The relationship between digital image analysis of rib sections 9th-11th and its tissue composition in Black Belly lambs was evaluated. Twenty lambs were slaughtered, and rib sections 9-11 were removed from the left side of the carcass. Images of 9th-11th rib sections were taken and processed using ImageJ software to measure characteristics such as length (Rl) and area (Ra) of sections 9th-11th, depth (LTd), width (LTw) and area (LTa) of the longissimus thoracis muscle. Significant correlations were found between image measurements and characteristics of rib sections 9-11 (0.71 ≤ r ≤ 0.84, P < 0.05). The results indicate that digital image analysis of rib sections 9th-11th can be a useful tool for predicting tissue composition in lamb carcasses.
Productive and health response of Holstein calves to parity and colostrum supplied by sonde or teat
The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of Holstein calves to parity and colostrum supply by teat or sonde at the Fresnedo dairy, Gómez Palacio, Durango. In the present study, a 2×2 factorial design, completely randomized (four treatments) was used. A total of 134 Holstein calves were evaluated, where colostrum supply was based on acceptance of the nipple. Subsequently, 81 calves were fed by gavage and 53 by nipple, and 24 hours later, a refractometer was used to measure serum immunoglobulins (IgG, g dL-1). Other response variables were birth to weaning weight gain (GPND, kg), birth to weaning height gain (GAND, m), and relative frequencies of respiratory problems (RP) and digestive problems (DP). No significant differences or interactions (P > 0.05) were found between treatments, only trends: GPND in calves from multiparous cows, supplied with a tube (49.35 kg), and GAND and IgG in calves from primiparous cows supplied with a nipple (0.1826 m and 6.3622 g dL-1), showed the highest values. Among the relative frequencies, PR grade 2 (0.9463) and PD grade 3 (0.1976), were the highest. In conclusion, there were no parity effects in the response variables, and due to the specialization of the personnel, no differences were detected when colostrum was fed by tube or by nipple. Further studies in other production units are needed to contrast the results of this research.
Pregnancy rate with sexed and conventional semen dual-purpose cattle on the coast of Oaxaca
Artificial insemination (AI) with sexed semen can be an alternative to be implemented in dual-purpose units on the Oaxacan coast, thereby promoting productive and reproductive efficiency. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the pregnancy rate with AI using two types of semen. 44 cows were used randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 23) inseminated with conventional semen and Group 2 (n = 21) with sexed semen. The females were synchronized with intravaginal progesterone device (CIDR), estradiol, PFG2α prostaglandins, and equine chorionic gonadotropin. AI was performed a fixed (48 h). Subsequently, two resynchronizations were performed reusing the CIDRs. The results obtained did not present a significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in percentage pregnancy at the first, second and third service, reaching more than 60%. It is concluded that performing AI with sexed semen results in a similar pregnancy rate to that obtained when using conventional semen.
Mesquite propolis: An antioxidant and antibacterial preservative for pork meat
Honeybee-derived propolis is a promising source of bioactive compounds that enhance meat quality. This study evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of Mesquite propolis extracts (MPE) on pork meat homogenate. Raw propolis from two apiaries was characterized for pollen origin, physicochemical, and sensory properties. Extracts (MPE1 and MPE2) were evaluated for their polyphenol content, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens. Pork meat homogenate was treated with MPE1 and MPE2 (500 mg kg−1), synthetic antioxidant BHT (500 ppm), or left untreated (control). The samples were then thermally processed (65 °C/0-120 min) and analyzed for quality parameters. MPE2 exhibited the highest (p ≤ 0.05) total polyphenol content and antioxidant values, and both extracts demonstrated effectiveness against Gram-positive bacteria. Incorporation of MPE, especially MPE2, significantly reduced pH variation, color degradation, lipid oxidation, and microbial growth (p ≤ 0.05). Mesquite propolis shows potential as a natural preservative in meat products.
Trichoderma species from rhizospheric soil and Agave potatorum tissues
Fungi of genus Trichoderma are found in different habitats. The interest in their study is by the secondary metabolites production. Although the favorable conditions for their growth are in relative humidity greater than 70%, the discovery of these fungi in semiarid zones exposes the plasticity of native species to adapt and the opportunity to learn about their mechanisms of action. The research objective was to characterize the morphology, taxonomy and enzymatic biochemistry of Trichoderma species from rhizospheric soil and A. potatorum tissues. In 2023, soil and plants of A. potatorum were collected in Chichicapam, Oaxaca. From these samples, four Trichoderma species were identified and characterized by morphology, taxonomy, growth speed, conidia production and exoglucanases and chitinases activity. The species had significant differences in morphometric, taxonomic and enzymatic characters. T. asperellum, T. yunnanense and T. lentiforme were identified as fungi of A. potatorum soil and tissue.
the Biological ensiling of poultry waste: A protein alternative in small ruminant diets
The study aimed to produce biological silages from chicken viscera to offer a viable protein alternative for feeding small ruminants, promoting the valorization of poultry waste and sustainable feeding. A mixture was prepared with 83.7% viscera paste, 15% molasses, 1% bacterial inoculum, and 0.3% calcium propionate, incubated under anaerobic conditions to favor lactic acid bacteria. Samples were analyzed on days 1, 30, 60, and 90, evaluating microorganisms and microbiological parameters that complied with Mexican official standards. The silage maintained an average pH of 4.2 and a temperature of 17.5°C over 90 days, with a nutritional content of 49.9% crude protein at 30 days and adequate levels of fat, fiber, and ash. No deterioration was observed, demonstrating that it is a nutritious and safe source for small ruminants.
Nonlinear local height-diameter equations for five conifers in southwestern Puebla, Mexico
Tree height (h) is a relevant variable for predicting other tree or stand attributes such as volume, biomass or carbon content. However, unlike diameter at breast height (d), the measurement of total height is difficult and costly, so h – d equations are used to estimate it. The objective was to generate local height - diameter equations for five conifer species of timber importance in southwestern Puebla, Mexico. In a first phase, the predictive capacity of nine nonlinear biparametric models was evaluated, using the global database integrated in 2012 of the five species. Through a quantitative and graphic evaluation system, the modified Hossfeld I model was identified as the one with the best predictive capacity because it exhibited a biologically realistic behavior. In a second phase, the selected model was adjusted using three fitting strategies: (1) nonlinear least squares (NLS) per species, (2) NLS with the incorporation of dummy variables (NLS-DV) for the global database, and (3) mixed-effects models (MEM) for the full base and using the species covariate as a grouping factor. According to R2adj and RMSE statistics it was determined that NLS-DV and MEM were better than NLS, subsequently MEM was diagnosed to be superior than NLS-DV (AIC = 10 442.2, BIC = 10481.24 and logLik = -5 214.1). It is concluded that MEM random effects values are useful for estimating h with primary use in forest inventories.
Frequency and associated factors with serogroups of Leptospira in dogs from southeastern Mexico
The objective was to estimate the frequency of dogs with antibodies against Leptospira serovars and explore their epidemiological association with demographic and lifestyle characteristics in a locality in southeastern Mexico. One hundred and nine dogs from Maxcanú, Yucatan, were studied and tested by microagglutination (MAT) against seven serovars. A serum reactive with 1:100 was considered; the highest reactive dilution and serovars were recorded. MAT showed that 27 (11.93%) sera reacted to one serovar, and 96 sera (88.07%) reacted to more than one, with titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:1 600. Associations between these results and dog data were explored using chi-square tests, revealing that female dogs are more likely to come into contact with specific serovars. This finding is important for both public and animal health because dogs may pose a risk of infection to susceptible hosts, particularly females, who show an association with specific serovars.
Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) production using rhizobacteria under low chemical fertilization conditions
Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is an alternative crop due to its adaptability and highly nutritious fruits. However, its production in soil has been little studied in Mexico. Due to current ecological challenges, it is necessary to use sustainable methods such as rhizobacteria. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of application of a rhizobacterial consortium on the production of two ecotypes of goldenberry under low chemical fertilization conditions (FQ). The Sacha and Chiclayo ecotypes were established and transplanted in greenhouse with natural ventilation in mulched soil and drip irrigation. The fertilization applied was FQ at 25 and 50% concentration based on Steiner solution, which was combined with a consortium of rhizobacteria (BF-UA), with a commercial biofertilizer (Bio-Organik Pseudomonas®) of Pseudomonas fluorescens (BC), both at a concentration of 1x108 CFU mL-1, and with two control treatments without rhizobacteria. The BF-UA with 50% FQ increased Sacha´s fruit weight (21.6%), as well as citric acid content (16.1%) in Chiclayo, in relation to the Chiclayo control without BF-UA. The BF-UA with 25% FQ showed an increase in vitamin C content (11.5%) compared to the control with 25% FQ of both ecotypes. The application of the rhizobacteria consortium and the 50% FQ reduction are a viable option for the sustainable production of goldenberry.
Management practices that influence body development of lactating calves in family dairy farms
The objective was to identify practices that affect calves´ body development. Calves fed a concentrate for lactating cows had lower daily weight gain (DWG) than those fed a concentrate for calves and those not supplemented (0.493 ± 0.031b vs 0.582 ± 0.014a and 0.568 ± 0.040a kg day-1; P = 0.047). Housed at low and medium protection levels had lower DWG than those housed at a high level (0.525 ± 0.026a and 0.509 ± 0.020a vs 0.631 ± 0.018b kg day-1; P < 0.001). Weaned > 90 and between 61-90 days had lower DWG than those weaned < 61 days (0.530 ± 0.019a and 0.532 ± 0.018a vs 0.735 ± 0.030b kg day-1; P = 0.003). The body development of calves is negatively affected by the intake of a concentrate designed for lactating cows, housed under limited environmental protection, and extended ages at weaning.
Quality and phytotoxicity of the water used in onion (Allium cepa L.) production systems
Conventional production systems, with continuous and excessive use of inputs, can generate contamination in the soil, air and aquifers, with irrigation water being the main medium for the diffusion of pollutants. Therefore, the objective was to measure quality and phytotoxicity variables, as indicators of the presence of contaminants in water used in a conventional production system and an organic onion system, compared to water collected from a non-cultivated system. Three well water samples were taken in each production system and in the non-cultivated system, from October 2020 to May 2021 in Santa Isabel Cholula Puebla. In the sampled water was meassured the content of: nitrates, phosphates, pH, total solids, EC, salts, heavy metals and three phytotoxicity indices by germination bioassays with Raphanus sativus L seeds as an indicator species of contaminants. The measured variables were processed with analysis of variance by systems effect, with Tukey mean comparisons (p < 0.05), correlation analysis between variables and clusters, with the InfoStat program. The nitrate and phosphate contents in the water of the conventional system exceeded the limits established in the official standard and showed moderate rates of phytotoxicity. The organic and non-cultivated systems were grouped with values lower than those established in the standard and with null to low phytotoxicity, which indicates low water contaminants in the organic agroecosystem.
Productive behavior of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D.) with chemical and organic nutrition
This research was carried out with the objective of evaluating the performance of strawberry crops under an organic nutrition system in greenhouse conditions; strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) var. Fronteras were used. The organic and chemical nutrition treatments were: T1 (Worm humus), T2 (Worm leachate), T3 (Humus + worm leachate), T4 (Control), T5 Mixed fertilization (Humus + worm leachate + Triple 20 + Fertiplus®), and T6 Chemical treatment (Triple 20 + Fertiplus®); the variables evaluated were fruit weight (PF), polar diameter (DP), equatorial diameter (ED), total solubles (TSS), and number of fruits per plant (NFP). The study was carried out according to a completely randomized design and a phenotypic correlation analysis. T3 (Humus + Worm Leachate) was found to offer organoleptic characteristics regarding quality, aroma and flavor of the strawberry fruit.
Biostimulants in the plant growth and yield of Capsicum chinense in greenhouse
The production of habanero chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) has increased in the Region of Central Pacific of Mexico, including Colima. The objective was to evaluate the development and yield of habanero chili with foliar applications of biostimulants under greenhouse conditions. The biostimulants evaluated were: Kelpak® (Ecklonia maxima extract), Bitlefree® (Streptomyces spp. extract + amino acids), Castell® (Streptomyces spp. extract) and the control (without biostimulant). Applications were made at 7, 14, 21 and 35 days after transplantation (dat) at doses of 2.5 (7 and 14 dat) and 2.0 mL L-1 (21 and 35 dat). A randomized experimental design was used, the response variables were height, stem diameter, chlorophyll and leaf area index, fruit size (weight, length and width) and yield. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and “Tukey” test mean comparison (p = 0.05). Castell® increased the height and diameter of C. chinense plants. The chlorophyll index in C. chinense leaves increased when was applied Castell® and Kelpak®. The three biostimulants increased the leaf area index, fruit size and yield. The averages increase in yield compared to the control, in the eight harvests carried out, were 7.80, 8.02 and 10.36 t ha-1 for Kelpak®, BliteFree® and Castell®, respectively. The use of biostimulants to produce habanero chili is an environmentally safe option to improve yields under greenhouse conditions in the Region of Central Pacific of Mexico.
Morphological characterization of Aggregata spp., a parasite of the squid Lolliguncula panamensis in the Gulf of Tehuantepec
Apicomplexa, such as Aggregata, are intracellular parasites that infect mollusks and crustaceans, with heteroxenous life cycles (asexual stages in crustaceans and sexual stages in cephalopods). This study morphologically characterized Aggregata spp. in the squid Lolliguncula panamensis from the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Twenty-one spawning females were analyzed, identifying iridescent whitish nodules (0.02–0.92 mm) in the digestive tract and other tissues, indicating extraintestinal infection. Microscopically, microgametes (1.42 ± 0.06 µm, one flagellum), macrogametes (9.82 × 8.9 µm), and sporocysts (12.83 × 10.39 µm) with two sporozoites (3.75 ± 0.15 µm) were observed. Compared to other species, this parasite presented key differences: smaller sporozoite size and only two per sporocyst (vs. 3-22 in others). The results suggest a possible new species or geographic variant. This is the first detailed record of Aggregata in L. panamensis, highlighting the need for molecular studies to confirm its taxonomy.
Spatio temporal evaluation of fire in La Malinche National Park
In the central region of Mexico, 50% of forest fires are triggered by agricultural activities, highlighting the importance of studying fire in the context of both, agricultural burning and forest fires. This study is conducted within protected areas characterized by primary ecosystem vegetation, where local populations use fire for managing agricultural land. The objective of this research was to evaluate the spatio temporal characteristics of fire in both, forested and agricultural areas of La Malinche National Park (PNLM). In the preliminary assessment, spectral signatures, indices, and thresholds from Sentinel-2 sensor images were obtained. Using Google Earth Engine, atmospheric correction, scene compilation, and the application of the NBR2 index were performed. Manual editing was used for correction, field verification was conducted, and reliability was assessed through a confusion matrix. The overall accuracy was 89.38%, with an omission error of 6.19% and a commission error of 4.42%. The average annual burned area was 4 366.41 ha, with a cumulative burned area of 21 832.03 ha, and the average polygon size was 4.64 ha. The cumulative burned agricultural area was 14 869.41 ha and the forested area was 6 719.00 ha. The burning frequency over five years ranged from 1 to 7. The methodology effectively identified burned forested and agricultural areas with high reliability, small polygon sizes, and regions of high, moderate, and low frequency of burning.
Updated inventory and dietary aspects of birds associated with the cocoa agroecosystem in Tabasco, Mexico
The cacao agroecosystem in Tabasco, Mexico, has increased its ecological importance in recent decades, providing habitats and microhabitats for diverse flora and fauna in highly fragmented landscapes. Despite its importance, this agricultural system faces economic challenges to survive, putting its biodiversity at risk. The objective of this study was to characterize bird richness and trophic interactions: bird-plant in the cacao agroecosystem in Tabasco, through a literature review and field data collection. From April 2023 to April 2024, 29 daytime surveys (9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.) and 12 nighttime surveys (10:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m.) were carried out, totaling 123 hours of observations in 17 plantations. Binoculars, digital cameras, and field guides were used to identify birds and plants. With this information, an updated inventory of 165 bird species belonging to 40 families and 19 orders was generated. In addition, 70 trophic interactions were recorded between 31 bird species and 22 plant species, of which 21 were new records in the diet of resident and migratory birds in the region. The bird species that consumed the most plant resources were: Melanerpes aurifrons, Eupsittula nana and Dives dives (5 species each). The plants most consumed by birds were Ficus sp. (15 species) and Erythrina fusca (12 species). The results obtained can be used to attract pollinating, seed-dispersing or tourist-interest species to the agroecosystem.
In situ degradation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed and oil
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of including sunflower oil (2 and 4%) and whole sunflower seed (18%) on the in-situ degradability of dry matter (ISDMD), neutral detergent fiber (ISNDFD), acid detergent fiber (ISADFD), and ruminal pH in sheep. A repeated 4 × 4 Latin square design was used, involving four rumen-cannulated male sheep (60 ± 3 kg BW). Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure in SAS, and treatment means were compared with Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences in ISDMD were observed among treatments during the first 48 h of incubation; however, at 72 h, the diet containing 4% sunflower oil (T4) showed the highest degradability (p < 0.05). The ISNDFD was significantly higher (p < 0.05) with the inclusion of 4% oil (T4), with increases of up to 36.5% compared to the control. In contrast, ISADFD was lower (p < 0.05) in the diet containing sunflower seed (T2) throughout the evaluation period. Ruminal pH remained within physiological ranges and did not differ among treatments or incubation times (p > 0.05). In conclusion, both sunflower seed and oil modified the degradation of fibrous components, with the 4% oil inclusion emerging as the most efficient strategy to enhance digestibility without compromising ruminal stability.
Deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of phenolic compounds in whole fruit of Brosimum alicastrum
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been applied instead of organic solvents (such as methanol) in green phenolic compound (PC) extraction processes. The objective of the study was to determine a PC extraction process with high antioxidant capacity from whole fruit of B. alicastrum, using ultrasound-assisted DES. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of PC from the freeze-dried fruit was performed using 10 DES and an organic solvent, 50% aqueous methanol (50% Met-OH). After determining a DES with the highest content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity, a single-factor experimental design was applied to establish the extraction conditions (water content of DES, temperature and UAE time) of PC. Finally, the UAE of PC was carried out considering the best extraction conditions with DES and it was compared with 50% Met-OH with respect to the chromatographic profile of PC and the morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The DES betaine-glycerol showed a higher TPC content (2 200 mg equivalent to gallic acid 100 g-1) and antioxidant capacity (1 996.94 mg equivalent to ascorbic acid 100 g-1) compared to 50% Met-OH. The highest TPC content was obtained with 20% water in DES at 40 °C and 30 min UAE. The DES betaine-glycerol and 50% Met-OH obtained the highest content of naringin and vanillic acid, respectively. The betaine-glycerol system is proposed as a green solvent for the UAE of PC from the whole fruit of B. alicastrum.
Diet quality and milk of extensively grazed goats under a semi-arid ecosystem
The quality of goat milk in extensive grazing systems is closely related to the biochemical composition of the plant species consumed, which varies seasonally. The objective of this study was to analyze the milk quality of Creole goats and the proximate composition of their diet during two seasons (dry and rainy) in a semi-arid ecosystem in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Data was analyzed using a completely randomized design with three replicates. Milk samples were analyzed using MilkoScan® Minor and Fossomatic® Minor equipment, while plant species composition was assessed using standard laboratory methods. Milk results between seasons showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in fat (4.72%), protein (3.84%), lactose (4.55%), total solids (15.66%), and non-fat solids (10.45%) content, being higher during the rainy season. The proximate composition of the species consumed by goats also showed significant differences in moisture, ash, lipids, crude fiber, and energy, both between seasons and between species. These dietary changes were shown in the nutritional quality of the milk, which has relevant implications for the production of artisanal dairy products. It is concluded that seasonal variability in diet quality directly influences the physicochemical parameters of goat milk, which are greater during the rainy season. This can be exploited by local producers to improve the added value of their products.
Survival and early growth of Pinus chiapensis across environmental gradients in Puebla and Veracruz
Due to land-use change, Pinus chiapensis has a fragmented distribution and small population size in Puebla and Veracruz, which may lead to inbreeding depression and compromise the species' continuity in its northern range. The objective was to determine the variation in morphological traits, survival, and early growth of seedlings from seven populations of P. chiapensis, and to propose conservation actions. Seedling morphological traits, survival, and early growth were assessed using germplasm collected from 125 trees across an elevation gradient of 664 to 1703 m a.s.l. These traits were correlated with bioclimatic variables of the population sites. Significant variation was found among populations. Hypocotyl height ranged from 2.74 to 4.13 cm, and the most frequent number of cotyledonary leaves was 7 or 8. At 15 months of age, plant height ranged from 25.7 to 56.5 cm, and stem base diameter from 2.59 to 3.90 mm across populations. Lower moisture was associated with fewer branches per plant, but longer cotyledonary leaves, greater plant height at 15 months, and a higher slenderness index (indicating lower vigor). Mortality risk was greater in progenies from lower-elevation areas, which are more exposed to global temperature increases. Conservation efforts should prioritize lower-elevation populations, and the seed source should be considered when planning reforestation programs with this species.
Factors influencing the yield of Pimenta dioica L. essential oil during hydrodistillation
Essential oils (EO) derived from different plants, such as Pimenta dioica L., are obtained by hydrodistillation, are highly valued internationally, and require the study of the factors that determine their performance and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heating intensity and water/solids (W/S) ratio on the extraction rate and yield of EO obtained by hydrodistillation of fresh leaves of P. dioica L. Fresh leaves were cut into squares of approximately 1 cm2 and, together with 500 ml of water, subjected to a hydrodistillation process for 6 hours. A 3X2 factorial design with three replications was considered to define the treatments. The factors studied were A/S at three levels (2, 6, and 10) and heating intensity at two levels (105° and 120 °C). Condensate samples were collected and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction with petroleum ether, combining the ether phases, removing water residues, and evaporating the solvent. The AE obtained for each sample was estimated gravimetrically. The results indicated that the water/solids (W/S) ratio, the heating intensity, as well as their interaction, have a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the extraction rate and the final accumulated yield. The conditions of 120 °C and W/S ratios of 2 and 6 were those that generated the highest extraction rate (K = 69.68 ± 11.58 min and 55.48 ± 3.59 min, respectively), as well as the highest yield (737.98 ± 61.5 mg 100 g-1 and 719.99 ± 45.06 mg 100 g-1).
Allelic frequencies of polymorphisms in genes from AMPK lipid metabolism in Wagyu cattle
In cattle, the AMPK pathway acts as an energy sensor that is activated by increases in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio and influences multiple metabolic processes by modifying the FA profile in different tissues. The objective was to estimate and compare the allelic frequencies of 27 SNP in 22 genes of the AMPK pathway, in Wagyu and Wagyu-cross populations. For this, 111 samples of Longissimus dorsi from Wagyu and Wagyu-cross were collected, and grouped by genetic group, 27 SNP located within the 22 genes that participate in the AMPK pathway were typed, linkage disequilibrium, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the genetic difference between genetic groups were examined. Within the results, 20 polymorphic SNP were found; HNF4 ss61961144 and SCD g.10213 were not found in H-W equilibrium; SNP within SCD1 were found in linkage disequilibrium as were SNPs within PRKAR2A; DGAT1 K232A, IGF2R ss77831885, MYOZ1 ss77831945, PRKAR2A ss62837580, PRKAR2A ss628376667, SCD1 g.10329, SCD5 134718 and SRPRA 4150 presented genetic difference between groups. As conclusions, SCD1 g.10329 is the most solid marker that presents genetic difference between groups, so it can be used in MAS to improve the FA profile in meat. Additionally, it is proposed to perform association analysis with FA of SLC2A4 ss62538460, PLTP ss77832104, PPARGC1A c.1892+19 and MYOZ1 ss77831945, because they are SNP with qualities to be implemented in marker assisted selection, however, they lack further validation of their reported effect.
Impact of malathion applications on beneficial insects and effects on Bemisia tabaci in cotton
Applications of the ULV insecticide malathion to control the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman, eliminate some of the natural enemies, causing the resurgence of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). This study evaluated the impact of malathion applications on the population density of natural enemies and the effects on the population of B. tabaci, in regions with different numbers of malathion applications. Sampling of natural enemies and whitefly was carried out by sweeps and leaf inspection, with a biweekly frequency, in cotton fields in Tamaulipas (30 applications), Durango (8 applications), Coahuila (2 applications) and Chihuahua (0 applications). Chihuahua had the highest abundance of natural enemies with 35 insects per 100 sweeps, followed by Coahuila with 24, Tamaulipas with 22 and Durango with 21. The highest density of whitefly was observed in Tamaulipas with an average of 4.3 adults and 0.9 nymphs/leaf, Durango with 4.1 adults and 0.5 nymphs/leaf, Coahuila with 1.6 adults and 0.1 nymphs/leaf; while Chihuahua had the lowest density with 0.2 adults and 0.1 nymphs/leaf. These results indicate that in the regions where the highest number of applications of ULV malathion are made, the diversity and population density of natural enemies was reduced by 50% and 37%, respectively, and the density of whitefly is increased (95%), which may be due to the lack of regulatory effect that natural enemies have on this pest.
Captive reproductive performance of Mayaheros urophthalmus from four different regions of Southeastern Mexico
The Mayan cichlid (Mayaheros urophthalmus) is an endemic species that supports an artisanal fishery exploited year-round. It has tolerance for various environmental conditions, including wide ranges of salinity and temperature. These conditions favor the development of aquaculture; however, this potential has not been thoroughly explored. To evaluate the reproductive potential of organisms from different locations as well as the effect of intraspecific crossbreeding from locations with different environmental conditions, such as low temperature (Nauchinapa Stream Basin, ANB), brackish water (Usumacinta River Lower Basin, ULB), and freshwater (Grijalva River Lower Basin, GLB; and Usumacinta River Mid-Basin, UMB). A randomized one-factor design was used to perform the diallelic crosses with combinations between all locations. ANB females were the most productive, accumulating 39 spawns, producing 104 664 hatchlings, more than double that of the GLB females, with 18 spawns and 49 200 hatchlings produced. UMB females had 15 spawnings with a total of 37 404 hatchlings, and ULB females had only 11 spawnings with 25 509 hatchlings. ANB females were more productive than females from other locations, with a median of 21.65 hatchlings per gram of female. The species present a high reproductive potential; besides being able to spawn multiple occasions in a season, the fry per spawning is higher than in tilapia. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the reproductive performance of different populations of the same species depends on differences in their life cycle and can be enhanced or inhibited by the conditions under which production occurs.
Effect of bronchial occlusion and feed restriction on broiler chickens
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bronchial occlusion (BO, at 21 days of age) and feed restriction (RA, 12 hours day-1) on antioxidant activity and variables related to ascites in broiler chickens raised at 2,278 m altitude. The treatments were: with BO-with RA, with OB-without RA, without OB-with RA, and without OB-without RA. Hematocrit (Hct%) was evaluated in two periods (period one and two: 10 and 16 days after occlusion). In period 2: 10 chickens per treatment were euthanized humanely to evaluate the right ventricular weight relationship with the total ventricular weight (RV:TV). Antioxidant activity (AO) was evaluated in the heart, lung, and liver. Chickens without OB-with RA had the lowest (P < 0.05) Hct% in the two periods evaluated (33.1 and 37%). The lowest mortality from ascites was observed in birds without OB-with RA, and the highest mortality in the birds with OB-without RA (5% and 52%, respectively). Birds without OB-with RA had the lowest (P < 0.05) RV:TV ratio compared to all treatments. Chickens without OB-with RA had the highest (P < 0.05) AO in the heart (78 ± 0.56%), lung (64 ± 0.62%), and liver (83 ± 0.80%) compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, dietary restriction 12 hours a day-1 reduces mortality due to ascites. Occlusion of a primary bronchus is an effective method to develop ascites experimentally in broilers raised at 2,278 m altitude. Ad libitum feeding is a factor driving the development of ascites.
Ruminal fermentation and gas production in vitro from different forage legumes
The objective was to evaluate dry matter (DM, %), organic matter (OM, %), crude protein (PC, %), fractional volume of total gas (Vf, mL g−1MS), maximum volume of total gas (Vm , mL g−1 DM), total gas production rate (S, h−1) and final pH of the in vitrorumen fermentation of the foliage and fruit of Acacia farnesiana, Acacia polyacantha, Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Delonix regia, Erythrina coralloides, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Leucaena leucocephala, Moringa oleifera, Pithecellobium dulce and Prosopis laevigata. The species J. mimosifolia presented the lowest CP values (0.6% and 3.8%) in both morphological components, while M. oleifera and L. leucocephala obtained the highest values (31.2% and 24%) in foliage and fruit. respectively. In the total gas, the foliage of M. oleifera, J. mimosifolia and C. fistula obtained the highest values (p ≤ 0.05) of Vm and the lowest (p ≤ 0.05) of S together with B. variegata and A. polyacantha, while in Vf there were variations (p ≤ 0.05) over time. In fruit, A. farnesiana and P. laevigata obtained the highest values (p ≤ 0.05) of Vm, and S was higher in P. laevigata, while in Vf there were differences between species during fermentation. In conclusion, PC presented a greater degree of variability for both foliage and fruit, and total gas production was variable among all the species studied and a negative association with pH was observed.