Evaluación de bioactividad de extractos, Rosmarinus officinalis y Tymus vulgaris, mediante tecnologías alternas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19136/era.a13n2.4433Palabras clave:
Extracción, romero, tomillo, tecnología híbrida, ultrasonidoResumen
Los extractos de las plantas de romero y tomillo han sido ampliamente estudiados gracias a sus excelentes propiedades antiinflamatorias, antioxidantes, herbicidas y antimicrobianas. Tradicionalmente, estos se obtienen mediante métodos convencionales como maceración, destilación por arrastre de vapor, Soxhlet, entre otros. Sin embargo, con la finalidad de minimizar el impacto ambiental y mejorar los rendimientos de extracción, se han desarrollado metodologías utilizando tecnologías como el ultrasonido, microondas, extracción con fluidos supercríticos e híbridas. Por lo que, en este trabajo se obtuvieron extractos etanólicos de romero y tomillo mediante ultrasonido e híbrido (ultrasonido-microondas) para evaluar las propiedades antioxidantes y antimicrobianas de cada uno. Los resultados mediante FTIR y HPLC-ESI-MS permitieron elucidar que los compuestos presentes en los extractos pertenecen a las familias de los flavonoides, catequinas y terpenos, identificando como compuestos principales ácido rosmarínico, cafeíco y rosmanol. Su análisis termogravimétrico demostró que los extractos tienen estabilidad térmica de hasta 380 °C. En los ensayos de actividad antioxidante presentaron una excelente propiedad inhibitoria obteniendo valores por encima del 84% para DPPH y 94% ABTS•+, mientras que para FRAP fueron valores inferiores al 0.47 mg mL trolox-1. Finalmente, los bioensayos frente a S. aureus y E. coli demostraron que todos los extractos poseen excelente actividad antibacteriana obteniendo halos de inhibición superiores, con respecto al control antibiótico. Por lo que, los extractos obtenidos mediante tecnologías de ultrasonido e híbridas tienen un gran potencial para aplicaciones farmacéuticas, cosméticas, industria alimentaria, materiales de embalaje y medicina.
Descargas
Referencias
Agatanovic S, Balyklova K, Gegechkori V, Morton D (2021) HPTLC and ATR/FTIR Characterization of antioxidants in different rosemary extracts. Molecules 26: e26196064. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26196064
Ahmed Alrasheid A, Mohamed W, Mohammed S, Haidar H (2023) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and phytochemical analysis of Rosmarinus officinalis L. pod and Thymus vulgaris L. leaf ethanolic extracts on Escherichia coli urinary isolates. International Journal of Microbiology 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4171547
Al-Sereiti M, Abu-Amer K, Sen P (1999) Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 37(2): 124-30.
Andrade M, Ribeiro-Santos R, Costa Bonito M, Saraiva M, Sanches-Silva A (2018) Characterization of rosemary and thyme extracts for incorporation into a whey protein based film. LWT 92: 497-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.041
Ardjoum N, Chibani N, Shankar S, Salmieri S, Djidjelli H, Lacroix M (2023) Incorporation of Thymus vulgaris essential oil and ethanolic extract of propolis improved the antibacterial, barrier and mechanical properties of corn starch-based films. International Journal of Biological 224(1): 578-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.146
Becer E, Altundağ E, Güran M, Seda Vatansever H, Ustürk S, Hanoğlu D, Can Baser K H, (2023) Composition and antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil. South African Journal of Botany 160: 437-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.07.028
Bellumori M, Innocenti M, Binello A, Boffa L, Mulinacci N, Cravotto G (2016) Selective recovery of rosmarinic and carnosic acids from rosemary leaves under ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction procedures. Comptes Rendus Chimie 19(6): 699-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2015.12.013
Bewal T, Ezzat S, Rastrelli L, Bhatt I, Daglia, Baldi, A, Devkota H, Orhan I, Patra J, Das G, Anandharamakrishnan C, Gomez L, Nabavi S, Nabavi SM, Atanasov A (2018) A critical analysis of extraction techniques used for botanicals: Trends, priorities, industrial uses and optimization strategies. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 100: 82-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.018
Bewal T, Chemat F, Venskutonis P, Cravotto G, Kumar D, Dutt I, Prasad H, Luo Z (2020) Recent advances in scaling-up of non-conventional extraction techniques: Learning from successes and failures. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 127: e115895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2020.115895
Borrás I, Arráez D, Herrero M, Ibáñez E, Segura A, Fernández A (2011) Comparison of different extraction procedures for the comprehensive characterization of bioactive phenolic compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Cromatography A 1218(42): 7682-7690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.021
Calinescu I, Asofiei I, Gavrila A, Trifan A, Ighigeanu D, Martin D, Matei C, Buleandra M (2017) Integrating microwave-assisted extraction of essential oils and polyphenols from rosemary and thyme leaves. Chemical Engineering Communications 204(8): 965-973. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2017.1328678
Chemat F, Vian M, Cravotto G (2012) Green extraction of natural products: concept and principles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13(7): 8615 8627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13078615
Chemat F, Rombaut N, Sicaire A, Meullemiestre A, Fabiano A, Abert M (2017) Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 34: 540-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035
Chemat F, Abert M, Fabiano A, Strube J, Uhlenbrock L, Gunjevic V, Cravotto G (2019) Green extraction of natural products. Origins, current status, and future challenges. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 118: 248-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.037
Chizzola R, Michitsch H, Franz C (2008) Antioxidative properties of Thymus vulgaris leaves: comparison of different extracts and essential oil chemotypes. Journal of Agricultural and Food 56(16): 6897-6904. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800617g
Cripps C, Borgeson C, Blomquist G, de Renobales M (1990) The Δ12-desaturase from the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (orthoptera: gryllidae): characterization and form of the substrate. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 278(1): 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(90)90229-R
De Castro M, Castillo L (2016) Microwave-assisted extraction of food components. In: Luque de Castro M D, Castillo-Peinado L, Food Processing Technologies. Elsevier. USA. pp. 57-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100294-0.00003-1
Dukic D, Mašković P, Vesković S, Kurćubić V, Milijašević M, Babić J (2017) Conventional and unconventional extraction methods applied to the plant, Thymus serpyllum L. Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 85: e012064. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012064
El-Kader W, Sakr A, Taha K, Abozid M (2021) Evaluation the antimicrobial activity of thyme and rosemary extracts againist some food related bacteria. Menoufia Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 6: 29-40.
Gallego M, Gordon M, Segovia F, Skowyra M, Almajano M (2013) Antioxidant properties of three aromatic herbs (rosemary, thyme and lavender) in oil‐in‐water emulsions. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-013-2303-3
García J, Ascacio J, Nery S, Sáenz A, Flores A, Rodríguez R (2023) Microwave-ultrasound hybrid technology assisted extraction of pigments with antioxidant potential from red corn. Applied Food Research 3(2): e100350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2023.100350
García M, Ummat V, Tiwari B, Rajauria G (2020) Exploring ultrasound, microwave and ultrasound–microwave assisted extraction technologies to increase the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidants from brown macroalgae. Marine Drugs 18(3): 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030172
Gill A, Delaquis P, Russo P, Holley R (2002) Evaluation of antilisterial action of cilantro oil on vacuum packed ham. International Journal of Food Microbiology 13(1): 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00712-7
Guerra L, Alvarez R, Salazar R, Torres A, Rivas V, Waksman N, Gonzalez G M, Perez-Lopez LA (2015) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and chemical characterization of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Origanum majorana from northeastern México. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 28(1): 363-369.
Gharibzahedi S, Smith B, Guo Y (2019) Ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction of pectin from fig (Ficus carica L.) skin: optimization, characterization and bioactivity. Carbohydrate Polymers 222: e114992 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.114992
Herrero M, Plaza M, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E (2010) Green processes for the extraction of bioactives from rosemary: chemical and functional characterization via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and in-vitro assays. Journal of Chromatography A 16: 2512-2520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.032
Ijaz S, Iqbal J, Abbasi B, Ullah Z, Yaseen T, Kanwal S, Mahmood T, Sydykbayeva S, Ydyrys A, Almarhoon ZM, Sharifi-Rad J, Hano Ch, Calina D, Cho WC (2023) Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives: current insights on anticancer potential and other biomedical applications. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 162: e114687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114687
Imad H, Israa A, Hawraa J (2015) Gas chromatography mass spectrum and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of methanolic extract of Rosmarinus oficinalis leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 7(6): 90-106. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2015.0348
Jovanoviç, A, Dordevic V, Zdunic G, Pljevljakusic D, Savikin K, Godevac D, Bugarski B (2017) Optimization of the extraction process of polyphenols from Thymus serpyllum L. herb using maceration, heat-and ultrasound-assisted techniques. Separation and Purification Technology 179(31): 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.01.055
Kamalia A, Tunjung, W (2023) Efficacy of different solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds and anticancer activities of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves and twigs. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy 34(3): 419-430. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.5959
Karadağ A, Üstündağ Okur N, Demirci B, Demirci F (2022) Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil encapsulated in new microemulsion formulations for enhanced antimicrobial activity. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 25(1): 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsde.12549
Khoddami A, Wilkes M, Roberts T (2013) Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Molecules 18(2): 2328-2375. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18022328
Klančnik A, Piskernik S, Jeršek B, Možina S (2010) Evaluation of diffusion and dilution methods to determine the antibacterial activity of plant extracts. Journal of Microbiological Methods 81: 121-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2010.02.004
Li F, Papa V, Borgia F, Vaccaro M, Allegra A, Cicero N, Gangemi S, (2023) Rosmarinus officinalis and skin: Antioxidant activity and possible therapeutical role in cutaneous diseases. Antioxidants 12(3): 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030680
Liu A, Garrett S, Hong W, Zhang J (2024) Staphylococcus aureus infections and human intestinal Mmicrobiota. Phathogens 13(4): 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040276
Milevskaya V, Temerdashev Z, Butyl’skaya T, Kiseleva N (2017) Determination of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 72: 342-348. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934817030091
Moumni S, Elaissi A, Trabelsi A, Merghni A, Chraief I, Jelassi B, Chemcli R, Ferchichi S (2020) Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of some Lamiaceae species essential oils from Tunisia. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 20: e103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02888-6
Mourey A, Canillac N (2002) Anti-Listeria monocytogenes activity of essential oils components of conifers. Food Control 13: 289-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-7135(02)00026-9
Mokhtari R, Kazemi Fard M, Rezaei M, Moftakharzadeh S, Mohseni A (2023) Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and characterization of phenolic compounds of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and thyme–sage mixture extracts. Journal of Food Quality (8) 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2602454
Mueller M, Tainter CR. Escherichia coli Infection. https://doi.org/ In: StatPearls. Fecha de consulta: 2 de mayo 2026.
Muñoz N, Morales E, Villamiel M, Condezo L (2021) Hybrid high-intensity ultrasound and microwave treatment: a review on its effect on quality and bioactivity of foods. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 80: e105835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105835
Nakisa N, Ghasemzadeh M (2022) Therapeutic potential of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on sports injuries: a review of patents. Research Journal of Pharcacognosy 9(3): 71-83. https://doi.org/10.22127/rjp.2022.329094.1844
Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi S, Rostami-Vartooni A, Hussin S (2016) Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris L. leaves and their catalytic performance for N-arylation of indoles and amines. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 466(15): 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.018
Nazdar N, Imani A, Abtahi S, Farzaneh M, Sarvi K (2024) Antioxidative properties, phenolic compounds, and in vitro protective efficacy of multi-herbal hydro-alcoholic extracts of ginger, turmeric, and thyme against the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 on mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cell line. Food Science & Nutrition 12: 8013-8029. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4257
Nieto G, Huvaere K, Skibsted L (2011) Antioxidant activity of rosemary and thyme by-products and synergism with added antioxidant in a liposome system. European Food Research and Technology 233: 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-011-1486-9
Nieto G (2017) Biological activities of three essential oils of the Lamiaceae family. Medicines 4(3): e63. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4030063
Osorio J (2020) Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds. Journal of Food Science and Technology 57: 4299-4315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04433-2
Pal S, Sayana A, Joshi A, Juyal D (2019) Staphylococcus aureus: a predominant cause of surgical site infections in a rural healthcare setup of Uttarakhand. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 8(11): 3600-3606. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_521_19
Pandiya I, Sri S, Arumugham M, Kumar P, Prabakar J, Rajeshkumar S (2022) Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity of Thymus vulgaris-mediated selenium nanoparticles: an in vitro study. Journal of Conservative Densitry 25(3): 241-245. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_369_21
Parkatzidis K, Chatzinikolaidou M, Koufakis E, Kaliva, M, Farsari M, Vamvakaki M (2020) Multi-photon polymerization of bio inspired, thymol-functionalized hybrid materials with biocompatible and antimicrobial activity. Polymer Chemistry 11(7): 4078-4083. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0py00281j
Pappachan F, Suku A, Mohanan S (2023) Rosmarinus officinalis. In: Amalraj, A, Kuttappan S, Varma ACK, Matharu A. Herbs, spices and their roles in nutraceuticals and functional foods. Academic Press. USA. pp. 149-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90794-1.00017-X
Picot C, Mahomoodally M, Ak G, Zengin G (2021) Conventional versus green extraction techniques - a comparative perspective. Current Opinion in Food Science 40: 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2021.02.009
Piñeros D, Medina C, López A, Goyanes S (2017) Edible cassava starch films carrying rosemary antioxidant extracts for potential use as active food packaging. Food Hydrocolloids 63: 488-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.09.034
Prasanth R, Ravi V, Varsha P, Saytam S (2014) Review on Thymus vulgaris traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 3: e164. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000164
Quaisie J, Ma H, Golly M, Tuly J, Amaglo N, Jiaqi Z (2021) Effect of ultrasound-microwave irradiation hybrid technique on extraction, physicochemical, antioxidative, and structural properties of stearic acid-rich allanblackia parviflora seed oil. Chemical Papers 75: 4527-4541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01666-z
Rasul G (2018) Conventional extraction methods use in medicinal plants, their advantages and disadvantages. International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Computing 2(6): 10-14.
Radünz M, dos Santos H, Camargo T, Nunes C, de Barros F, Dal Magro J, Filho P, Gandra E, Radünz A, da Rosa E (2020) Antimicrobial potential of spray drying encapsulated thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil on the conservation of hamburger-like meat products. International Journal of Food Microbiology 330: e108696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108696
Rodríguez S, Visentin A, Maestri D, Cocero M (2012) Assisted extraction of rosemary antioxidants with green solvents. Journal of Food Engineering 109(1): 98-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.09.029
Rumpf J, Burger R, Schulze M (2023) Statistical evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu assays to assess the antioxidant capacity of lignins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 233: e123470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123470
Russo M, Suraci F, Postorino S, Serra D, Roccotelli A, Agosteo G (2013) Essential oil chemical composition and antifungal effects on Sclerotium cepivorumof thymus capitatus wild populations from Calabria, southern Italy. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 23(2): 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000017
Sabzikar A, Hosseinihashemi S, Shirmohammadli Y, Jalaligoldeh A (2020) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of extracts from thyme and rosemary against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. BioResources 15(4): 9656-9671.
Saricaoglu F, Turhan S (2018) Antimicrobial and antioxidant capacitacy of thyme, rosemary and clove esencial oils and their mixtures. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 15(4): 9656-9671. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.9656-9671
Sarkarat R, Mohamadnia S, Tavakoli O (2023) Recent advances in non-conventional techniques for extraction of phycobiliproteins and carotenoids from microalgae. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 40: 321-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-022-00256-0
Sharafzadeh S, Zare M (2011) Effect of drought stress on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of some medicinal plants from Lamiaceae family: a review. Advances in Enviromental Biology 5(8): 2058-2062.
Tong S, Davis J, Eichenberger E, Holland T, Fowler V (2015) Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 28(3): 603-661. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00134-14
Vieitez I, Maceiras L, Jachmanián I, Albóres S (2017) Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different extracts from herbs obtained by maceration or supercritical technology. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.09.025
Yanar S, Şahín E, Asutay B, Özbek A, Şahín F (2022) Geleneksel kullanıma sahip bitkisel bir yağ karışımının yara iyileşmesine etkileri ve antiviral aktivitesi. Sakarya Medical Journal 12(4): 616-623. https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.1097068
Yeddes W, Majdi H, Gadhoumi H, Affes T, Mohamed S, Wannes W, Saidani M (2022) Optimizing ethanol extraction of rosemary leaves and their biological evaluations. Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology 7(2): 85-94. https://doi.org/10.14218/JERP.2022.00002
Yousefi S (2022) Thyme: A natural preservative for seafood. Infectious Diseases and Herbal Medicine 3(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/idhm.2022.191
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
1. Política propuesta para revistas de acceso abierto
Los autores/as que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
1. Los autores/as conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo registrado con la Licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional de Creative Commons, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
2. Los autores/as pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (p. ej., incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro) siempre que indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en esta revista.
3. Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as a publicar su trabajo en Internet (por ejemplo en páginas institucionales o personales) antes y durante el proceso de revisión y publicación, ya que puede conducir a intercambios productivos y a una mayor y más rápida difusión del trabajo publicado (vea The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 
